Category: The External Debt and Financial Crises

A. Iraq and Iran
B. Egypt and Poland
C. Pakistan and Afghanistan
D. Saudi Arabia and Jordan

A. trade account surplus
B. massive reverse outflows of capital
C. technological transfer from DCs
D. Symmetric informational in financial market

A. Structural adjustment loans
B. sectoral adjustment loans
C. internal adjustment loans
D. external leverage loans

A. screening of debtors based on their regional location
B. World Bank requiring LDCs seconded by a DC to get loan reduction
C. loan denial to crisis-stricken highly indebted countries
D. None of the above

A. Brazil
B. Argentina
C. Thailand
D. Malaysia

I. short term debt with a maturity of one year or less
II. long-term debt with a maturity of more than one year
III. repurchase obligations to the IMF
IV. IV public official development assistance

A. I and II only
B. III and IV only
C. I, II and III only
D. I, II and IV only

A. long-term debt divided by GDP of a country in a given year
B. interest and principle payments divided by exports of goods and services
C. ratio of debt net of portfolio investment financing and foreign direct investment
D. default and reschedule debt minus annual export revenues that must be devoted to paying interest

A. dependable positive real interest rates
B. higher taxes on capital gains
C. more efficient state enterprises
D. market liberalization

A. excessively committed to writing down LDC debt
B. a managed duopoly of policy advice
C. a U.S monoply
D. the initiator of HIPCs debt forgiveness

A. The ratio of debt service to GNP is very good indicator of the debt burden
B. Many large LDC debtors borrowed heavily because of their excellent international credit ratings
C. Middle income countries account for almost four-fifths of the total outstanding debt of all LDCs
D. The debt-burden of sub Saharan African countries may be as heavy as for middle income countries