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.Management Sciences
Category: Externality & Internality
When wealthy alumni provide charitable contributions to their universities to reduce the tuition payments of current students it is an example of ?
A. an attempt to internalize a positive externality
B. an attempt to internalize a negative externality
C. a Pigouvian tax
D. a command-and-control policy
A positive externality generates ?
A. a social cost curve that is above the supply curve (private cost curve) for a good
B. none of these answers
C. a social value curve that is above the demand curve (private value curve) for good
D. a social value curve that is below the demand curve (private value curve) for a good
Roberto and Thomas live in a university hall of residence. Reberto values playing loud music at a value of €100. Thomas values peace and quiet at a value of €150. Which of the following statements is true about an efficient solution to this externality problem if Roberto has the right to play loud music and if there are no transaction costs ?
A. Thomas will pay Roberto between €100 and €150 and Roberto will continue to play loud music
B. Roberto will pay Thomas €150 and Roberto will continue to play loud music
C. Thomas will pay Roberto between €100 and €150 and Roberto will stop playing loud music
D. Roberto will pay Thomas €100 and Roberto will stop playing loud music
Suppose an industry emits a negative externality such a pollution and the possible methods to internalize the externality are command-and-control policies, pigovian taxes, and tradable pollution permits. If economists were to rank these methods for internalizing a negative externality based on efficiency ease of implementation and the incentive for the industry to further reduce pollution in the future, they would probably rank them in the following order (from most favored to least favored) ?
A. Pigouvian taxes, command-and-control policies, tradable pollution permits.
B. tradable pollution permits, Pigouvian taxes, command-and-control policies
C. tradable pollution permits command-and-control policies, Pigovian taxes.
D. command-and-control policies, tradable pollution permits, Pigovian taxes.
E. They would all rank equally high because the same result can be obtained from any one of the policies
The most efficient pollution control system would ensure that ?
A. the regulators decide how much each polluter should reduce its pollution.
B. no pollution of the environment is tolerated
C. each polluter reduces its pollution an equal amount
D. the polluters with the lowest cost of reducing pollution reduce their pollution the greatest amount
To internalize a positive externality an appropriate public policy response would be to ?
A. ban the good creating the externality
B. tax the good
C. subsidize the good
D. have the government produce the good until the value of an additional unit is zero
A negative externality generates ?
A. a social cost curve that is below the supply curve (private cost curve) for a good
B. none of these answers
C. a social cost curve that is below the supply curve (private cost curve) for a good
D. a social value curve that is above the demand curve (private value curve) for a good
Which of the following is true regarding tradable pollution permits and Pigouvian taxes ?
A. All of these answers are true
B. Pigouvian taxes and tradable pollution permits create an efficient market for pollution.
C. Tradable pollution permits efficiently reduce pollution only if they are initially distributed to the firms that can regulator pollution at the lowest cost.
D. To set the quantity of pollution with tradable pollution permits, the regulator must know everything about the demand for pollution rights.
E. Pigovian taxes are more likely to reduce pollution to a targeted amount than tradable pollution permits.
According to the Coase theorem, private parties can solve the problem of externalities if ?
A. there are no transaction costs.
B. each affected party has equal power in the negotiations.
C. the party affected by the externality has the initial property right to be left alone.
D. There are a large number of affected parties.
E. the government requires them to negotiate with each other
Which of the following is not considered a transaction cost incurred by parties in the process of contracting to eliminate a pollution externality ?
A. costs incurred due to lawyers’ fees
B. costs incurred to reduce the pollution
C. costs incurred to enforce the agreement
D. costs incurred due to a large number of parties affected by the externality
E. All of these answers are considered transaction costs
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